Adaptive Protein Evolution And Antibiotic Resistance

The research presented in â€Å"Adaptive protein evolution grants organismal fitness by improving catalysis and flexibility† provides an integrated example of how understanding concepts of evolution is essential in all areas of science. This paper combines biochemical and evolutionary studies to investigate protein evolution and antibiotic resistance. Evolutionary concepts incorporated in this biochemical study include, but are not limited to: microevolution, adaption, selection, mutation, epistasis, fitness, phenotypic plasticity, trade-offs, etc. The two major evolutionary themes, mechanisms of evolution and adaption, are integral parts of the research conducted in this study and must be understood to fully appreciate the importance of this paper. This research conducted in this study pertains to protein evolution and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria by disrupting biochemical processes. Consequently, they rapidly sort resistant bacteria fro m susceptible ones. In the paper, â€Å"Adaptive protein evolution grants organismal fitness by improving catalysis and flexibility†, two mutations were discovered in metallo-ß-lactames (MßLs) that result in higher resistance to antibiotics. It was shown that, â€Å"mutations acting on the mechanism and the protein flexibility are able to shape the evolution of MßL-mediated antibiotic resistance† (1). The evolution of a protein (which is â€Å"crucial for organismal adaption and fitness†) relies on the interactions ofShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On Non Pathogen : Streptococcus Thermophilus Essay1815 Words   |  8 Pagesampicillin, and several other antibiotics, though a few resistant strains have been encountered (11). 3. Virulence factors acquired by non-pathogen: †¢ Acquires surface proteins, as present in Streptococcus pyogenes, which would enable it to attach to host cells †¢ Gains pneumolysin toxin from Streptococcus pneumoniae and attains ability to kills phagocytes and ciliated cells to further the spread of infection 4. How virulence factors were acquired: Surface Proteins: Streptococcus pyogenes is aRead MoreAnalysis of Alan Roger ´s Evidence of Evolution1819 Words   |  8 PagesEvolution has been a constantly debated topic with central importance in defining the origin of man. Creationism is still a common belief in modern society, somehow maintaining validity through assumed truth; this belief attained its popularity many years before the concept of evolution itself, yet is the main opponent of the theory of evolution. Alan Rogers, author of In Evidence for Evolution, provides thorough arguments against creationism, ranging from molecular to morphological data. He arguesRead MoreAntagonistic Coevolution Between Bacterial And Phage Populations1868 Words   |  8 Pageson the relationship between bacteria and their phage, elucidating some of the mechanisms behind antagonistic coevolution and the resulting adaptations therein, and discusses the controversial use of phage therapy as treatment for some strains of antibiotic-resista nt bacteria. Data extracted from a study utilizing a species of marine bacteria and phage is provided as an example of a few basic adaptations behind coevolution and how they can lead to diversification in both host and parasitoid defensesRead MoreEssay Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 24: the Origin of Species5830 Words   |  24 PagesBiology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 24: The Origin of Species Chapter Questions 1) Which of the following applies to both anagenesis and cladogenesis? A) branching B) increased diversity C) speciation D) more species E) adaptive radiation Answer: C Topic: Concept 24.1 Skill: Comprehension 2) Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. BiologicalRead MoreS. Flexneri3187 Words   |  13 PagesThe evolution of multi drug resistant strain shigella sonnei from its ancestor E. Coli and predecessor S. Flexneri and its spread to Vietnam Introduction Shigella  is a  genus  of  Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic,  nonspore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped  bacteria. The genus is named after  Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human  shigellosis, Shigella  causes disease in  primates, and is the only naturally found in humans and apes. Shigella  is one of the leadingRead More The Genetic Basis of Adaptive Melanism on Pocket Mice Essay2607 Words   |  11 PagesEngland in the mid-1800s. In that case, entire populations of the black peppered moths were observed to change color in response to changes in their environment. More recently, bacteria have been known to develop resistance to antibiotic drugs, insects have developed various forms of resistance to insecticide, and plants have adapted to accommodate higher levels of heavy metals in the soil and water. The problem is that it is difficult to locate the genes that stimulate adaptation for three reasons: Read MoreModule Quizzes Essay14245 Words   |  57 Pagesinterconnected proteins called ____ hydrogen ions and electrons from the chemicals that make up our food. Enzymes In the case with the cell producing ATP; the more ATP that is generated the more the ATP generating machinery will shut down. This is an example of which of the following? Negative feedback The function of reproduction is to Protect the species from extinction All organisms live for certain fixed periods of time. This time is determined by Chromosomes Evolution is defined inRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )5790 Words   |  24 Pagesvirally encoded integrase and host co-factors. Once integrated, the virus may become latent, allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system. Alternatively, the virus may be transcribed, producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew. Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both LAV and HTLV-IIIRead More50 Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods14312 Words   |  58 PagesThe patent extended exclusive rights to use the cells without the permission of the donors. Finally the European Patent Office (EPO) received applications from Baylor University for the patenting of women who had been genetically altered to produce proteins in their mammary glands. Baylor essentially sought monopoly rights over the use of human mammary glands to manufacture pharmaceuticals. Other attempts have been made to patent cells of indigenous peoples in Panama, the Solomon Islands, and PapuaRead MoreThe Marijuana Growers Guide9909 Words   |  40 Pagesextraction, the residue or hemp cake still contained about 10 percent oil and 30 percent protein, a nutritious feed for domesticated animals. Another advancement came with the Chinese invention of paper. Hemp fibres recycled from old rags and fish nets made a paper so durable that some was recently found in graves in the Shense province that predates 100 BC (9) Hemp paper is known for its longevity and resistance to tearing, and is presently used for paper money (Canada) and for fine Bibles. The